AI Decodes Sperm Whale ‘Phonetic Alphabet’ and Reveals Their Complex Communication
In the dark depths of the ocean, sperm whales, those massive giants of the sea, are communicating in ways we’ve only just begun to understand. Through AI, researchers have uncovered a stunningly sophisticated communication system in these creatures, revealing structures in their vocalizations akin to human language.
Sperm Whales and the Mystery of Squid Hunting
Sperm whales are known for their ability to dive over 3 kilometers (10,000 feet) deep into the ocean, where they hunt for giant squid. But exactly how they catch such fast-moving prey remains a mystery. “They’re slow swimmers,” says marine scientist Kirsten Young from the University of Exeter, while squid are swift. The question remains: How do these whales manage to catch the elusive squid? Could it be that the whales are using their vocalizations to stun their prey, or is there something more at play in these deep waters?
Despite their formidable size and intelligence, sperm whales remain challenging to study. They often forage at depths beyond sunlight’s reach, diving for hours at a time. At depths of 1,000 meters (3,300 feet), groups of sperm whales communicate continuously, using a series of clicks. These “codas,” as researchers call them, are vocalized throughout their hunts and when they come together at the surface to socialize. But as Young points out, our understanding of these whales is still very limited, as we see only brief snapshots of their lives during the short time they surface.
A New Era of Whale Communication Research
Sperm whales’ complex social structures, which are matrilineal and involve multiple generations, depend heavily on sophisticated communication. For example, these whales coordinate as a group to protect themselves from predators like orcas. Yet, it’s only recently that scientists have made major strides in deciphering their communication.
David Gruber, a lead researcher at the Cetacean Translation Initiative (Ceti), explains that understanding the intricacies of whale communication is a challenging task, given that whales have evolved in ways vastly different from humans. However, modern technology, including AI, has opened a window into these deep-sea conversations, revealing a “phonetic alphabet” in sperm whale vocalizations.
AI and the Discovery of Sperm Whale Codas
Since 2005, Ceti’s research team, led by Shane Gero, has been studying the social behavior and vocalizations of sperm whales in the Eastern Caribbean. After analyzing thousands of hours of recordings, researchers discovered that sperm whales have far more than the previously thought 21 types of codas. In fact, they identified 156 distinct codas, revealing a complex and sophisticated system of vocalizations.
Sperm whale codas are rhythmic sequences of clicks, and each coda contains between three and 40 rapid-fire clicks. The researchers, including Pratyusha Sharma, a PhD student at MIT, used AI to identify subtle variations in the speed and tempo of these clicks. These changes, akin to “ornamentation” in music, indicate that sperm whale vocalizations likely carry a wealth of information, much more nuanced than initially thought.
Sharma compares these changes in whale vocalizations to how we understand the meaning of words in human language, saying that context plays a huge role in interpreting meaning. For example, in human speech, we change the tone or elongate a word like “what” to convey surprise or confusion. Similarly, sperm whales adjust their vocalizations, making slight modifications to convey different meanings.
The Sperm Whale Phonetic Alphabet: A Step Toward Understanding Their Language
One of the key findings of Ceti’s research is that sperm whale codas are formed from a set of basic “phonemes,” or vocal units, that can be combined in a variety of ways. This combinatorial approach to coda construction is similar to how humans combine phonemes to create words and sentences. Although researchers are still far from fully understanding how sperm whales use these codas to convey meaning, this discovery suggests that sperm whales might have a far more complex communication system than previously realized.
However, as Gruber notes, we’re still in the early stages of decoding whale communication. He compares this phase of research to being at “base camp” – there’s a long journey ahead before we can fully grasp the cognitive abilities of these creatures and understand what they are really trying to say.
The Road Ahead for Sperm Whale Research
Despite the exciting discoveries, some experts caution against an overly anthropocentric approach to interpreting whale vocalizations. Focusing too much on language might limit our understanding of the sperm whale’s unique way of life. Nonetheless, the research is an important step forward. Young, who has been studying sperm whales for years, sees it as an incremental step toward understanding these remarkable animals. If we can uncover what is truly meaningful to them, it may help us protect them.
Sperm whales are currently classified as “vulnerable” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and their population is still recovering from the devastating effects of commercial whaling in the 19th and 20th centuries. Today, they face new threats, including climate change, ocean noise pollution, and ship strikes.
By understanding their communication and social structures, researchers hope to protect these majestic creatures and ensure their survival for future generations. As Young puts it, the more we understand about the sperm whale, the better we’ll be able to protect them and preserve the ocean’s deep mysteries.
