The Fragile Web: How Sharks, Software, and Governments Keep Breaking the Internet

In a world increasingly dependent on constant connectivity, the internet’s invisible infrastructure has proven alarmingly fragile. The latest widespread outage on October 20, 2025, left millions without access to apps, games, and online banking, after an error at Amazon Web Services (AWS) disrupted platforms ranging from Roblox and Fortnite to Snapchat and Slack. It was a stark reminder that the backbone of modern life — from business to leisure — can collapse in seconds.

When the Cloud Falters

AWS, Amazon’s powerful cloud computing arm, supports a vast share of the world’s websites and applications. When its systems faltered, the impact rippled across continents, disrupting productivity tools, entertainment platforms, and financial institutions. While service was restored within hours, experts warn such incidents highlight the vulnerability of a system increasingly dominated by a few large providers.

This latest glitch follows a series of digital meltdowns that have shown how interconnected — and exposed — the online world has become. As technology analyst Ritesh Kotak observed, “There’s a price to pay for the convenience we enjoy. It will happen again.”

The Day the World’s Screens Went Blue

The most dramatic example came on July 19, 2024, when cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike inadvertently triggered a global crisis with a faulty software update. More than 8.5 million computers crashed, blanketed by Microsoft’s infamous “blue screen of death.” Airlines canceled over 46,000 flights in a single day, hospitals postponed surgeries, and emergency call systems faltered across the United States. Even cinemas reverted to cash payments as digital payment systems failed.

Though the issue was quickly patched, the aftershocks lasted days. For many IT specialists, the CrowdStrike event underscored a grim reality: the more centralized digital systems become, the greater the risk of a catastrophic single point of failure.

Early Warnings from the 1990s

The internet’s fragility isn’t new. In 1997, a database misconfiguration at Network Solutions Inc., a key domain registrar, crashed every .com and .net site — roughly one million websites at the time. The incident crippled email services and interrupted business transactions, though its impact was minor compared with the potential chaos such a failure would cause today.

As digital infrastructure expanded into every sector, similar outages took on far more serious dimensions. In 2018, a malware attack in Alaska’s Matanuska-Susitna Borough knocked out public services for weeks, forcing government employees to dust off typewriters. “The cyberattack, God help us, just about stopped everything,” a local resident told the BBC at the time.

The Perils Beneath the Waves

Some of the internet’s most persistent threats are surprisingly physical. In 2011, an elderly woman in Georgia accidentally severed a major fiber-optic cable, cutting off internet access for all 2.9 million people in Armenia. She had been scavenging for copper when her shovel brought down the nation’s only connection to the global web.

Incidents like this reveal the fragility of systems that depend on a few thousand kilometers of cable. “There’s no way to ensure stability when you have a single connection line,” explained Vahan Hovsepyan of RIPE NCC, the regional internet registry for Europe and Central Asia.

And then there are the sharks. For decades, undersea internet cables — which carry 95% of the world’s data traffic — have been gnawed by curious marine life. Since the 1960s, reports have documented sharks and barracudas biting through cable insulation, sometimes grounding power lines and causing outages. Companies like Google now coat their cables in Kevlar-like materials to protect against these aquatic saboteurs.

When Governments Pull the Plug

Human intervention is another major cause of internet disruption. In 2022, Canada suffered a massive outage when Rogers Communications experienced a system failure, disabling phone and internet service for 11 million people. Emergency calls went unanswered, hospital appointments were canceled, and businesses were forced to halt digital payments.

But not all outages are accidental. Governments frequently shut down networks to control information or quell unrest. According to Access Now, a digital rights organization, more than 1,500 government-imposed internet shutdowns have occurred worldwide since 2016. These have included blackouts in India, Iran, Russia, Cameroon, and Venezuela.

In Bangladesh, a near-total internet shutdown in July 2024 accompanied violent clashes between students and police, leaving at least 150 people dead. “Internet shutdowns impede humanitarian delivery and block documentation of atrocities,” said Zach Rosson of Access Now. Many human rights groups now argue that access to the internet should be recognized as a basic human right, vital for communication, education, and economic opportunity.

Monopolies and the Modern Internet

For experts, the growing concentration of digital infrastructure in the hands of a few companies is itself a security risk. “The less diversity you have in any ecosystem, the more vulnerable you become,” said Casey Oppenheim, CEO of cybersecurity firm Disconnect. “There’s zero diversity at the top of the internet supply chain. A handful of companies control the backbone.”

CrowdStrike’s incident, he added, was a wake-up call about the dangers of digital monopolies. As governments revisit antitrust regulations, cybersecurity may become part of a broader discussion about economic concentration and national resilience.

The Y2K That Never Happened

One of history’s most famous digital scares — the Y2K bug — never truly materialized. As 1999 turned to 2000, many feared computers would interpret the year “00” as 1900, potentially crashing systems worldwide. Though minor glitches occurred, the apocalyptic predictions proved unfounded. The episode remains a symbol of both technological anxiety and the power of collective preparation.

Preparing for the Next Big One

While the 2025 AWS outage was contained quickly, the interconnected nature of modern life ensures that future disruptions will have even wider consequences. Whether caused by software errors, damaged cables, or deliberate shutdowns, the risks are real — and increasing.

Experts warn that building redundancy and decentralizing the internet are crucial to preventing a “digital blackout” of global scale. Until then, the world remains one coding error — or one shark bite — away from disconnection.

Source: BBC – Watch out for sharks: The bizarre history of internet outages