BEIRUT (AP) — Hama, a city that holds some of the darkest memories in modern Arab history, has once again become a focal point of conflict in Syria. Over 40 years ago, it was the site of the infamous Hama Massacre, where tens of thousands were killed under the orders of then-President Hafez Assad. Now, Islamist insurgents have captured this historically significant city, marking a symbolic shift in Syria’s ongoing civil war.

Hama’s Tragic History

Hama, located in central Syria and famous for its iconic waterwheels along the Orontes River, became synonymous with brutality in the early 1980s.

In February 1982, Hafez Assad launched a devastating assault to crush a Muslim Brotherhood-led uprising. Within weeks, government warplanes and artillery, led by Hafez’s brother Rifaat Assad—nicknamed the “Butcher of Hama”—reduced much of the city to rubble.

Estimates of the death toll range from 10,000 to 40,000, with thousands more disappearing during the siege. The massacre left a lasting scar in the Arab world and sowed seeds of future uprisings.

Rifaat Assad has since faced international scrutiny, including an indictment in Switzerland for war crimes and crimes against humanity related to Hama.

A Symbolic Epicenter of Resistance

Fast forward to 2011, Hama once again became a center of opposition during the Arab Spring-inspired protests against Hafez Assad’s son, President Bashar Assad.

For a brief period, government forces withdrew from the city, giving protesters a rare taste of freedom. Residents painted walls red, poured red paint over the city’s famous waterwheels, and used chants like “Erhal ya Bashar” (“Leave, Bashar”) to commemorate the 1982 massacre.

However, the government responded with a brutal counterassault in August 2012, regaining control of the city at the cost of significant casualties. The crackdown further solidified Hama’s place as a symbol of defiance and suffering.

The Recent Rebel Offensive

In a striking turn of events, Islamist insurgents have now taken control of Hama. Fighters tore down images of Bashar Assad and stormed government buildings in scenes that would have been unthinkable decades ago.

Abu Mohammed al-Golani, a prominent rebel leader, declared in a video message that insurgents had arrived in Hama to “heal the wound that has bled for 40 years.” Their first actions included freeing prisoners from the city’s central prison, further emphasizing the symbolic importance of the capture.

Why Hama’s Capture Matters

Hama’s strategic location makes its capture a significant development in Syria’s civil war.

• Key Intersection: Hama connects central Syria with the north, the east, and the coastal regions, including Latakia, a stronghold of Assad’s support base.
• Proximity to Damascus: Located just 200 kilometers (125 miles) north of the capital, Hama’s fall creates a pathway for insurgents to advance southward.
• Gateway to Homs: Analysts predict Homs, located just 40 kilometers (25 miles) south of Hama, could be the rebels’ next target. Homs is home to one of Syria’s two state-run oil refineries and serves as a vital link between Damascus and the coast, where Assad’s power is concentrated.

“If rebels seize Homs after Hama, they could cut off Damascus from the coast, isolating Assad’s base and severing critical supply lines,” said Aron Lund, a Syria expert at Century International.

The Broader Implications

The fall of Hama follows the recent capture of Aleppo, Syria’s largest city, and could significantly shift the momentum in the civil war.

Rebel advances in Hama and potentially Homs could embolden Assad’s opponents while weakening the morale of his supporters. The stakes are high, as control over these cities would mark a turning point in the conflict.

Hama’s dark past continues to cast a shadow over Syria’s future, symbolizing both the enduring wounds of its people and the potential for transformative change in the nation’s ongoing struggle.

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Hezbollah launched projectiles into a disputed border area controlled by Israel on Monday, marking the group’s first attack since a ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah began last week. The strike follows accusations from Lebanon that Israel has violated the ceasefire more than 50 times in recent days.

The Israeli military reported that two projectiles were fired toward Mount Dov, also known as the Shebaa Farms, an area where the borders of Lebanon, Syria, and Israel meet. Israel stated that the projectiles landed in open areas and caused no injuries.

Hezbollah, in a statement, described the attack as a “defensive and warning response” to what it called Israel’s “repeated violations” of the ceasefire. The group added that its attempts to alert mediators about these violations were unsuccessful in stopping them.

The ceasefire, brokered by the United States and France, took effect on Wednesday and is meant to halt fighting for 60 days, ending more than a year of clashes between Hezbollah and Israel. However, since the truce began, Israel has carried out several strikes in Lebanon. On Monday, a drone strike killed a man riding a motorcycle in southern Lebanon, and another drone attack hit a Lebanese army bulldozer in the town of Hermel, injuring a soldier. The Lebanese army had previously stayed neutral in the conflict between Hezbollah and Israel.

Israel has claimed the strikes are retaliatory actions in response to Hezbollah’s violations of the ceasefire, although it has not provided specifics on these violations.

Under the ceasefire agreement, both sides are expected to pull back from southern Lebanon. Hezbollah is to retreat north of the Litani River, about 30 kilometers from the Israeli-Lebanese border. However, the site of Monday’s drone strike, targeting the Lebanese army bulldozer, was located far north of the Litani River. On Saturday, airstrikes in Lebanon’s Marjayoun province killed two people, according to Lebanese state media.

Lebanon’s parliament speaker, Nabih Berri, accused Israel on Monday of breaching the ceasefire 54 times. He cited incidents such as the demolition of homes in border villages, continuous overflights by Israeli reconnaissance drones, and airstrikes that have caused casualties.

Berri called for immediate action to stop these “flagrant violations.” The United States and France are overseeing the ceasefire’s implementation, but Israel has maintained that it reserves the right to respond to violations of the agreement.

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