As the United Nations COP30 climate conference enters its second week in Belém, Brazil, ministers from small island nations and developing countries delivered urgent appeals for decisive climate action. Their message was clear: global promises are not enough to prevent the catastrophic impacts of climate change on the most vulnerable populations.

The call comes amid recent extreme weather events, including Hurricane Melissa, a Category 5 storm that devastated Jamaica and other Caribbean nations, highlighting the human and economic toll of rising global temperatures.

Hurricane Melissa and the Human Toll

Matthew Samuda, Jamaica’s Minister for Economic Growth, described the hurricane as a turning point. “Hurricane Melissa changed the life of every Jamaican in less than 24 hours,” he said, noting nearly $10 billion in damage and the displacement of hundreds of thousands.

Samuda emphasized that Jamaica, while minimally contributing to global emissions, faces the direct consequences of climate change. “We call on the global community, especially major emitters, to honor their commitments and safeguard the 1.5-degree Celsius threshold. This is survival. It’s about our people and their right to a safe and prosperous future.”

Cuba, similarly affected by flooding, urged immediate action. Armando Rodriguez Batista, Cuba’s Environment and Science Minister, warned, “Tomorrow it will be too late to do what we had to do a long time ago.”

Slow Progress Frustrates Vulnerable Nations

Many nations highlighted the gap between international climate promises and real-world action. Romanian Environment Minister Diana-Anda Buzoianu read a statement from flood victims: “I sit on the roof of the house all night, looking at neighbors, wondering whether the water will swallow us all.”

Seychelles Environment Minister Flavien Philomel Joubert added, “Promises alone will not hold back the rising seas.” The sentiment echoed across smaller, low-lying nations where daily life is directly threatened by sea-level rise and extreme weather events.

Legal Leverage and the 1.5-Degree Target

Earlier this year, the International Court of Justice ruled that climate change constitutes a planetary existential threat. Tuvalu’s Attorney-General Laingane Italeli Talia described the ruling as “leverage” to accelerate climate action at COP30.

“Science and law now converge to make the 1.5-degree target not just aspirational but a binding obligation,” said Tuvalu Environment Minister Maina Vakafua Talia. He warned that for small islands, exceeding this limit represents the difference between survival and permanent loss.

High-Level Diplomacy Takes Center Stage

COP30, fortified after earlier demonstrations, shifted this week to ministerial negotiations, granting participants greater authority to make binding political decisions. U.N. Climate Executive Secretary Simon Stiell emphasized the urgency: “The spirit is there, but the speed is not. The pace of change in the real economy has not been matched by these negotiating rooms.”

Brazilian Vice President Geraldo Alckmin echoed the warning, stating, “Each additional fraction of a degree of global warming represents lives at risk, greater inequality, and greater losses for those who contributed least to the problem.”

U.N. General Assembly President Annalena Baerbock cited recent disasters, including Hurricane Melissa and back-to-back typhoons in the Philippines, as evidence that the climate crisis is relentless and accelerating.

Financial Support and Emissions Targets

Vulnerable nations renewed calls for wealthier countries to fulfill financial commitments, highlighting the $300 billion annual pledge for climate aid established last year. Several ministers criticized existing national emissions-cutting plans as inadequate to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius since pre-industrial times.

The Brazilian presidency of COP30 released a five-page summary outlining unresolved issues: enhancing national climate plans, addressing trade barriers linked to climate measures, and ensuring funding reaches the countries most at risk. Small island states advocated combining stronger emissions targets with concrete fossil fuel phase-out strategies.

A Moral Imperative

Mauritius Foreign Affairs Minister Dhananjay Ramful encapsulated the urgency: “Our very existence is at stake. A decade after the promises of the Paris Agreement, we realize that we have not done enough. Our planet demands action now.”

Ministers stressed that global climate action is not only a matter of survival for small nations but a responsibility for all countries, given the interconnected risks of rising seas, extreme weather, and global economic disruption.

Next Steps at COP30

Negotiators face pressing decisions on emissions targets, climate finance, and implementation mechanisms. The upcoming days will test whether the high-level ministers can translate rhetoric into measurable commitments and actionable plans. Observers note that with climate-related disasters intensifying, delay could have irreversible consequences.

Source: AP News – Nations hit by natural disasters tell ministers at climate talks to act

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Rhone Glacier, Switzerland — The once-mighty rivers of ice carving through Switzerland’s Alps are melting fast, and the evidence is both striking and sobering. From new crevasses and collapsing ice shelves to entire villages at risk, Switzerland’s glaciers are sending a clear message: the climate crisis is no longer a distant threat — it’s here.

Glaciologist Matthias Huss calls glaciers “the ambassadors of climate change,” and standing atop the sun-soaked Rhone Glacier — which feeds the famous river flowing through Switzerland and France — it’s easy to see why. As the ice slushes and drips beneath his feet, Huss drills deep into the glacier to track how fast it’s disappearing. The answer? Too fast.

A Race Against the Melt

Switzerland is home to roughly 1,400 glaciers, making it the glacier capital of continental Europe. These icy reservoirs provide more than scenic beauty — they supply drinking water, irrigate crops (including the vineyards of France), and fuel hydroelectric plants that power most of the country.

But climate change has already claimed an estimated 1,000 smaller glaciers, and the larger ones are not far behind. In some areas, scientists are turning to extreme methods like wrapping glaciers in giant thermal blankets in a desperate attempt to slow the melt.

“We’re seeing things we didn’t even expect,” said Huss, who leads the GLAMOS glacier monitoring group at ETH Zurich. One alarming trend? Glaciers are now melting not just from the top — due to sun and warm air — but also from below, as wind and air currents hollow out the ice from within. “Some of these air channels are carving out massive cavities beneath the surface,” he explained. “When the roof collapses, it’s dangerous and unpredictable.”

Climate Change You Can See

Glaciers are often romanticized — picture-postcard symbols of alpine beauty. But Huss says that makes them powerful messengers. “People know glaciers from holidays, from memories,” he said. “They’re beautiful, but now they’re vanishing — and that makes climate change more real for people.”

The bigger picture is even more troubling. Scientists estimate that up to two-thirds of the world’s glaciers could vanish by the end of the century unless carbon emissions are drastically reduced.

Huss is clear: the only way to save the glaciers is to cut CO2 emissions. “Blankets and drills might buy us time,” he said, “but the real solution is emissions reduction. Everyone has a role to play.”

When Glaciers Turn Dangerous

That urgency became all too real in May, when the Swiss mountain village of Blatten was nearly wiped out by a massive landslide. The culprit? A rare advancing glacier.

Unlike most of its retreating cousins, the Birch Glacier had been rapidly surging forward. Just before the collapse, it was moving at about 10 meters — over 30 feet — per day. Huss called that speed “completely unsustainable.”

Although villagers had been evacuated ahead of time, the slide destroyed dozens of buildings, leaving only a few rooftops visible. Data later showed that rocks had piled up on the advancing glacier, triggering the deadly slide. Huss said this combination of advancing ice and external pressure created a perfect storm — one no one predicted.

“Three weeks ago, nobody could have imagined the entire village would be gone,” he said. “That’s the biggest lesson: the unexpected can — and will — happen. And we need to be ready.”

The Takeaway: It’s Time to Act

From breathtaking beauty to catastrophic collapse, Switzerland’s glaciers are at a tipping point — and they’re making it harder to ignore the urgency of climate change.

“These glaciers won’t be saved overnight,” said Huss, “but the choices we make now will determine whether they’re around for future generations. We can still act — and we must.”

Source: AP News – Photos show Swiss glaciers’ uncertain future as ‘ambassadors of climate change’

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Beneath the turquoise waters of Hōnaunau Bay, a popular snorkeling and diving spot on Hawaii’s Big Island, something unsettling is happening: an explosion of sea urchins is overwhelming an already fragile coral reef, threatening to tip it into irreversible collapse.

According to new research published in PLOS ONE, the number of sea urchins has surged to unprecedented levels—driven largely by overfishing of the predator fish that normally keep them in check. Left unchecked, these spiny creatures are now eroding coral reefs faster than the reef can recover.

“We found, on average, 51 sea urchins per square meter—one of the highest densities ever recorded on a coral reef,” said Kelly J. van Woesik, a researcher at North Carolina State University and co-author of the study. “I knew there was a story to be told the moment I saw how many there were while snorkeling.”

Coral in Crisis: A Perfect Storm of Stressors

The sea urchin boom is just the latest blow to Hōnaunau Bay’s reef. Over the years, it has already endured mounting stress from climate change, pollution, and rising sea levels. Warmer waters have weakened coral’s ability to grow and reproduce, while pollution from nearby development and tourism has degraded water quality.

Now, with the added pressure of aggressive sea urchin grazing, researchers say the reef is struggling just to stay alive.

In the 1980s, Hawaii’s reefs were producing around 15 kilograms (33 pounds) of calcium carbonate—the key building material for coral skeletons—per square meter each year. Today, Hōnaunau’s reef produces just 0.5 kg (1.1 pounds) per square meter. That’s 30 times slower than just four decades ago.

“To even maintain the reef’s current size against erosion, at least 26% of its surface needs to be covered in living coral,” van Woesik said. “Right now, it’s nowhere near that.”

Why Too Many Sea Urchins Are a Big Problem

Sea urchins do play a role in reef ecosystems—grazing on algae and preventing it from choking coral. But when their populations explode, they also gnaw away at the reef itself, causing serious physical damage.

“Dramatic increases in any species usually signal something’s out of balance,” said Kiho Kim, an environmental science professor at American University, who was not involved in the study. “It threatens biodiversity and the ecosystem services reefs provide—like food, protection from storms, and even carbon storage.”

A Bigger Picture: What’s Happening in Hōnaunau Isn’t Isolated

The study’s other lead author, Gregory Asner, an ecologist at Arizona State University, said Hōnaunau Bay has long been a “canary in the coal mine” for Hawaii’s reef health.

“In my 27 years studying reefs across Hawaii, Hōnaunau has always stood out,” he said. “It’s a clear example of how multiple stressors—warming oceans, overfishing, and tourism-driven pollution—can converge to create a tipping point.”

Coral reefs, often called the “rainforests of the sea,” support vast marine life and act as natural barriers against coastal storms. When they erode, the impacts ripple far beyond the ocean floor.

“If the reef can’t keep pace with sea-level rise,” van Woesik added, “it loses its ability to buffer incoming wave energy, increasing the risk of coastal erosion and flooding.”

Is There Hope? Yes—but Time Is Running Out

Despite the grim findings, scientists stress that the reef’s fate is not yet sealed.

Local communities in Hōnaunau are stepping up: reducing fishing pressure, working to improve water quality, and investing in coral restoration efforts. These actions could help give the reef a fighting chance—if done quickly and effectively.

“These reefs aren’t just beautiful—they’re essential to protecting the islands they surround,” van Woesik said. “Without action now, we risk losing them for good.”

Source: CNN – An explosion of sea urchins threatens to push coral reefs in Hawaii ‘past the point of recovery’

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In India and Pakistan, an early and intense heatwave has set in, threatening the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people and pushing the region’s survival limits. What typically starts as a seasonal concern in May and June has arrived earlier than expected, and experts predict it will last much longer, creating a devastating impact on energy supplies, agriculture, and public health.

As temperatures across both countries climb to dangerous levels, the heatwave is already surpassing expectations. In Pakistan, the heatwave has caused temperatures to rise by 8°C above normal, with Balochistan in the southwest bracing for temperatures that could reach 49°C (120°F) between April 14-18 — a level akin to Death Valley, North America’s hottest place.

Ayoub Khosa, a resident of Dera Murad Jamali in Balochistan, described the heatwave’s intensity as something that caught many by surprise, further exacerbated by severe power outages that last up to 16 hours daily. These outages have intensified the already unbearable conditions, making it harder for residents to cope.

Neighboring India is not spared. The heat arrived ahead of schedule, and the country’s meteorological department warns that the heatwave season will bring an “above-normal number of heatwave days.” New Delhi, with its population of over 16 million, has already seen temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) three times in April, up to 5°C above the seasonal average. Other regions, including Rajasthan, are experiencing similar extremes, with temperatures reaching 44°C (111°F).

Anita Soni, from Thar Mahila Sansthan, a women’s group in Rajasthan, expressed concern about the heat’s effects, particularly on women and children. Farmers and laborers, working in the oppressive heat, are already experiencing heat-induced illnesses like dizziness, vomiting, and dehydration. Farmer Balu Lal described the unbearable working conditions, stressing the concern over how the extreme temperatures are affecting the crops and the livelihoods of those dependent on them.

This prolonged heat is more than just an inconvenience — it’s a life-threatening situation. The extreme conditions are pushing the limits of human survivability, with experts warning that by 2050, India could become one of the first places where temperatures surpass human survivability thresholds. In past decades, extreme heat has claimed tens of thousands of lives, and the toll is expected to rise dramatically in the coming years.

Pregnant women, in particular, are at severe risk. Neha Mankani, an advisor with the International Confederation of Midwives in Karachi, warned that extreme heat increases the risk of pregnancy-related complications, including preterm births and pregnancy-induced hypertension, which can lead to preeclampsia — a leading cause of maternal mortality.

India and Pakistan, already struggling with economic disparities, are predicted to be among the hardest-hit countries by climate change. With over a billion people at risk, the cascading effects of rising temperatures will have far-reaching consequences. Experts like Mehrunissa Malik, a climate change and sustainability consultant in Islamabad, stress that the worst-hit will be communities that lack access to cooling systems, proper housing, and basic resources for survival.

Farmers, in particular, are feeling the heat. Malik noted that crops are vulnerable to the early heat, which can disrupt planting cycles, reduce yields, and increase the need for water during a time of severe drought. The erratic weather patterns — from droughts to heavy rainfalls — are making farming increasingly unpredictable, with pests and diseases devastating crops.

Tofiq Pasha, a farmer and environmental activist from Karachi, explained how temperatures are affecting crops, with flowers and fruits failing to set, leading to widespread crop loss. The lack of rain in Sindh, coupled with early heat, is creating a water shortage, further threatening food production.

As the heatwave rages on, energy demand has surged. The increased demand for electricity has led to coal shortages, and millions are left without power. In some areas, trains have been canceled to conserve energy, and schools have had to close, disrupting learning for children across the region.

The devastating effects of this extreme heatwave serve as a stark reminder of the urgency of addressing climate change. As the region grapples with these unprecedented temperatures, both India and Pakistan face the pressing need for sustainable solutions to ensure the safety and well-being of their populations.

The clock is ticking, and without drastic action to combat climate change, the region’s survival in the face of extreme weather events remains uncertain. The world is watching, and the response to this growing crisis will shape the future of millions of people living in the heat’s unforgiving grip.

Source: CNN – Extended heatwave in India, Pakistan to test survivability limits, with temperatures reaching Death Valley levels

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The past decade was the hottest ever recorded, with 2023 marking the warmest year in history, according to the United Nations’ latest State of the Climate report. The findings reveal that carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere have reached their highest point in 800,000 years, fueling an increasingly unstable climate.

Rising Temperatures and Climate Alarms

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) report highlights alarming trends:

• The top 10 hottest years on record have all occurred within the last decade.
• Global sea levels are rising as glaciers and ice sheets retreat at record speeds.
• Ocean temperatures are at their highest ever recorded levels.
• Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and severe.

“Our planet is issuing more distress signals,” said United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres. He emphasized that while limiting global warming to 1.5°C (2.8°F) above pre-industrial levels is still possible, decisive action is needed. “Leaders must step up to make it happen — seizing the benefits of cheap, clean renewables for their people and economies,” he urged.

Human Activity and the Role of El Niño

The report attributes the ongoing climate crisis primarily to human activities, including the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. It also notes that the naturally occurring El Niño weather phenomenon, which formed in June 2023 and lasted for a year, contributed to record-breaking temperatures. In 2024, the world surpassed the 1.5°C limit for the first time in a single year, though scientists measure breaches of this goal over longer periods.

Climate Change Driving Disasters and Displacement

The global heating crisis has triggered a surge in extreme weather events. The report states that 2024 alone witnessed at least 151 unprecedented climate-related disasters, leading to:

• Massive economic losses
• The highest levels of displacement in 16 years
• Worsening global food crises

“This is a wake-up call,” warned Celeste Saulo, WMO Secretary-General. “We are increasing risks to our lives, economies, and the planet.”

Political Roadblocks and Climate Commitments

The report’s warnings come amid political challenges, particularly in the United States, where President Donald Trump has rolled back climate commitments and cast doubt on climate science. The U.S. remains the world’s second-largest current polluter and the largest historical emitter of greenhouse gases. Some fear that weakened climate policies in the U.S. could lead other nations to lower their ambitions as well.

Brenda Ekwurzel, a climate scientist with the Union of Concerned Scientists, pushed back against efforts to dismiss climate science. “The science is indisputable. Attempts to hide climate science from the public will not stop us from feeling the dire impacts of climate change.”

Ugandan climate activist Vanessa Nakate echoed the urgency, stating, “The longer we delay emissions cuts, the worse it will get. Phasing out fossil fuels is not a choice—it is an emergency response to a crisis unfolding before our eyes.”

The Path Forward

With the evidence of climate change clearer than ever, the UN urges governments and industries to take immediate action by:

• Rapidly reducing fossil fuel dependence
• Scaling up renewable energy investments
• Implementing stricter emissions regulations

As extreme weather events escalate and global temperatures continue to rise, experts agree that the time to act is now. Will world leaders rise to the challenge before it’s too late?

Source: AP News – Last decade was Earth’s hottest ever as CO2 levels reach an 800,000-year high, says UN report

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The Arctic has long been a symbol of nature’s raw power and beauty, but alarming signals now emerge from the frozen landscape at the top of our planet. Scientists warn that human activities have irreversibly altered the region, as extreme warming events continue and ice loss accelerates.

A Region in Crisis

Last month, temperatures in parts of the Arctic spiked 36 degrees Fahrenheit (20°C) above normal, marking an unprecedented deviation. By the end of February, Arctic sea ice levels hit their lowest ever recorded for the month, extending a three-month streak of record lows.

These extreme conditions follow a year of distressing climate signals, including intense wildfires, thawing permafrost, and rising levels of planet-heating pollution. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) now describes the Arctic as operating under a “new regime”—where even if records are not always broken, extreme conditions have become the norm.

Global Consequences of Arctic Meltdown

The Arctic plays a crucial role in regulating global temperatures and weather systems.

“It’s like our planet’s air conditioning system,” says Twila Moon, deputy lead scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center. As Arctic ice disappears, it accelerates global warming, contributes to rising sea levels, and intensifies extreme weather events worldwide.

Climate scientists fear that the early months of 2024 could be a precursor to a record-low sea ice minimum this summer. Mika Rantanen of the Finnish Meteorological Institute warns that the starting conditions for the Arctic’s summer melting season are “not good.”

For the last 18 years, summer sea ice levels have been at historic lows. Scientists now predict that the Arctic will experience its first ice-free summer by 2050, even if humans immediately cease greenhouse gas emissions. In a worst-case scenario, this event could happen before the end of this decade.

Why Arctic Ice Matters

The loss of Arctic sea ice is not just a regional problem—it has severe global consequences:

• Loss of Reflective Ice: Ice acts like a giant mirror, reflecting sunlight back into space. As ice melts, the dark ocean absorbs more heat, further accelerating climate change.
• Thawing Permafrost: Arctic permafrost contains vast amounts of frozen carbon. As it melts, it releases carbon dioxide and methane, potent greenhouse gases that intensify warming.
• Rising Sea Levels: The Greenland ice sheet loses around 280 billion tons of ice per year, significantly contributing to rising sea levels that threaten coastal cities worldwide.
• More Extreme Weather: A weakening jet stream—caused by Arctic warming—leads to more persistent heat waves, droughts, storms, and cold spells across the globe.

Arctic Fires and Ecosystem Collapse

The Arctic tundra, once a carbon storage powerhouse, is now emitting more carbon than it captures. Frequent and intense wildfires—once rare in the region—have become a defining feature of recent years. 2023 marked the third time in just five years that widespread Arctic wildfires broke out.

“The amount of change happening in the Arctic is overwhelming,” says Moon. Entire ecosystems are shifting as wildlife and indigenous communities struggle to adapt.

Scientific Monitoring Under Threat

At a time when Arctic research is more critical than ever, geopolitical upheaval is threatening our ability to monitor changes in the region.

• Russia’s war on Ukraine has cut off access to key Arctic research data, limiting international collaboration.
• US climate science funding cuts—especially during the Trump administration—have weakened Arctic monitoring efforts, raising concerns about the future of climate research.

With fewer climate scientists and limited resources, the ability to track Arctic changes and predict their global impact is severely compromised.

A Dire Warning for Humanity

“What’s happening in the Arctic is one of the starkest examples of how powerful humans have become in reshaping the planet,” says Dirk Notz, head of sea ice research at the University of Hamburg. “We are wiping out entire landscapes.”

Although some Arctic changes could be reversed over centuries or millennia, many are considered irreversible within human lifetimes unless immediate action is taken. The Arctic’s decline is not a distant concern—it is a global crisis that requires urgent intervention.

The question now is: Will humanity act in time?

Source

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The past year broke records as the hottest in history. Oceans boiled, glaciers melted at alarming rates, and scientists were left puzzled about the speed of the temperature rise. While greenhouse gas emissions and the natural El Niño phenomenon were known contributors, they didn’t fully account for the extraordinary heat.

A new study published in the journal Science has identified a critical missing piece: clouds—or rather, the lack of them.

The Role of Clouds in Earth’s Climate

The study reveals that a significant drop in low-lying clouds over the oceans has accelerated global warming. These clouds reflect sunlight back into space, helping to cool the planet. Without them, more sunlight is absorbed, intensifying the heating effect.

In simple terms, fewer low clouds mean the planet has “darkened,” absorbing more solar energy, according to Helge Goessling, a climate physicist at Germany’s Alfred Wegener Institute and one of the study’s authors.

This phenomenon is linked to albedo—the ability of Earth’s surfaces to reflect sunlight. Since the 1970s, Earth’s albedo has been declining due to melting ice and snow, which expose darker surfaces like land and ocean that absorb more heat. The reduction in low clouds compounds this effect, driving temperatures even higher.

Alarming Decline in Low Clouds

Using NASA satellite data, weather records, and climate models, the researchers found that low cloud cover hit record lows last year, especially over the North Atlantic Ocean. This decline aligns with a decade-long trend, suggesting a troubling pattern.

However, the exact causes remain unclear. “This is such a complex beast and so hard to disentangle,” Goessling said, pointing to several possible factors:

1. Reduced Shipping Pollution: New regulations have reduced sulfur emissions from ships, a positive step for health but one that inadvertently reduces cloud brightness and cooling effects.
2. Natural Climate Variations: Changing ocean patterns could also be playing a role.
3. Global Warming: The most concerning factor is the planet’s rising temperature. Low-level clouds thrive in cool, moist conditions. As surface temperatures increase, these clouds thin or disappear, creating a feedback loop that accelerates warming.

The Bigger Picture: More Intense Warming Ahead?

If global warming is indeed driving the decline in cloud cover, future temperature projections may be underestimated. “We should expect rather intense warming in the future,” Goessling warned.

Mark Zalinka, an atmospheric scientist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, likened clouds to Earth’s “sunscreen.” Even small changes in cloud cover can significantly impact the planet’s albedo.

Tapio Schneider, a climate scientist at Caltech, emphasized the gravity of the findings. If global warming is substantially reducing cloud cover, we could face stronger and faster warming than previously predicted.

Why Clouds Are Crucial to Climate Science

Despite their apparent simplicity, clouds are among the most complex and least understood elements of climate systems. They remain, as Goessling describes, “one of the biggest headaches” in climate science.

Understanding how clouds respond to global warming is critical. “It literally determines how much future warming is in store,” Zalinka said.

This research underscores the urgent need for better climate modeling and action. If we are already underestimating the pace of warming, the time to act is now.

Source

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Tens of thousands of people gathered in Valencia on Saturday evening to protest the handling of recent deadly floods, demanding the resignation of regional leader Carlos Mazón.

As protesters took to the streets, they chanted, “We are stained with mud, you are stained with blood,” expressing their outrage over the flooding that left more than 200 people dead and 80 others still missing. The floods, caused by torrential rain in October, devastated Valencia and surrounding provinces.

Protesters have accused local authorities of issuing flood warnings too late, worsening the impact of the disaster. As the demonstration unfolded, clashes with police erupted. Images from the scene showed Valencia’s City Hall covered in mud, and Reuters reported that protesters threw chairs and other objects.

Valencia’s mayor, María José Catalá, condemned the violence on social media, sharing images of broken windows and a video showing a fire being started. She stated, “Vandalism is not the solution,” and emphasized that the city had also been affected by the floods.

One of the protest organizers, Anna Oliver, told Reuters, “We want to show our indignation and anger over the poor management of this disaster which has affected so many people.”

The protests have been fueled by frustration over the slow and inadequate response to the disaster. Last week, during a visit to the town of Paiporta—one of the hardest-hit areas—Spain’s King and Queen were pelted with mud and other objects by angry protesters. Similarly, Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez was evacuated after objects were thrown at him during his visit to the region.

The floods have left thousands homeless, with streets still covered in mud and debris in many areas.

Carlos Mazón, leader of the conservative Popular Party, has defended his handling of the crisis, stating that his officials did not receive sufficient warnings from the central government and that the scale of the disaster was unforeseen. In Spain, regional governments are responsible for managing disaster responses, although they can request additional resources from the central government in Madrid.

Although Spain’s weather agency issued storm warnings on October 25, local authorities in Valencia did not send alerts to residents’ mobile phones until hours after the floods had already begun. The local emergency coordinator has since admitted she was unaware of the system used to send phone alerts.

Reports from local media suggest that as the flooding started, Mazón was having lunch with a journalist and did not attend an emergency coordination meeting until 7:00 p.m. local time (6:00 p.m. GMT). However, government sources later told El País that this was “irrelevant,” as Mazón was continuously updated on the situation.

The flooding was caused by a “Dana phenomenon,” a weather pattern that occurs when warm, moist air meets cold air, creating unstable conditions. Scientists believe that climate change played a role in intensifying the floods.

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No corner of the globe is immune from the devastating consequences of climate change. Rising temperatures are fueling environmental degradation, natural disasters, weather extremes, food and water insecurity, economic disruption, conflict, and terrorism. Sea levels are rising, the Arctic is melting, coral reefs are dying, oceans are acidifying, and forests are burning. It is clear that business as usual is not good enough. As the infinite cost of climate change reaches irreversible highs, now is the time for bold collective action.

Billions of tons of CO2 are released into the atmosphere every year as a result of coal, oil, and gas production. Human activity is producing greenhouse gas emissions at a record high, with no signs of slowing down. According to a ten-year summary of UNEP Emission Gap reports, we are on track to maintain a “business as usual” trajectory.

The last four years were the four hottest on record. According to a September 2019 World Meteorological Organization (WMO) report, we are at least one degree Celsius above preindustrial levels and close to what scientists warn would be “an unacceptable risk”. The 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change calls for holding eventual warming “well below” two degrees Celsius, and for the pursuit of efforts to limit the increase even further, to 1.5 degrees. But if we don’t slow global emissions, temperatures could rise to above three degrees Celsius by 2100, causing further irreversible damage to our ecosystems.

Glaciers and ice sheets in polar and mountain regions are already melting faster than ever, causing sea levels to rise. Almost two-thirds of the world’s cities with populations of over five million are located in areas at risk of sea level rise and almost 40 per cent of the world’s population live within 100 km of a coast. If no action is taken, entire districts of New York, Shanghai, Abu Dhabi, Osaka, Rio de Janeiro, and many other cities could find themselves underwater within our lifetimes, displacing millions of people.

Global warming impacts everyone’s food and water security. Climate change is a direct cause of soil degradation, which limits the amount of carbon the earth is able to contain. Some 500 million people today live in areas affected by erosion, while up to 30 per cent of food is lost or wasted as a result. Meanwhile, climate change limits the availability and quality of water for drinking and agriculture.

In many regions, crops that have thrived for centuries are struggling to survive, making food security more precarious. Such impacts tend to fall primarily on the poor and vulnerable. Global warming is likely to make economic output between the world’s richest and poorest countries grow wider.

Disasters linked to climate and weather extremes have always been part of our Earth’s system. But they are becoming more frequent and intense as the world warms. No continent is left untouched, with heatwaves, droughts, typhoons, and hurricanes causing mass destruction around the world. 90 per cent of disasters are now classed as weather- and climate-related, costing the world economy 520 billion USD each year, while 26 million people are pushed into poverty as a result.

Climate change is a major threat to international peace and security. The effects of climate change heighten competition for resources such as land, food, and water, fueling socioeconomic tensions and, increasingly often, leading to mass displacement.

Climate is a risk multiplier that makes worse already existing challenges. Droughts in Africa and Latin America directly feed into political unrest and violence. The World Bank estimates that, in the absence of action, more than 140 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and South Asia will be forced to migrate within their regions by 2050.

While science tells us that climate change is irrefutable, it also tells us that it is not too late to stem the tide. This will require fundamental transformations in all aspects of society — how we grow food, use land, transport goods, and power our economies.

While technology has contributed to climate change, new and efficient technologies can help us reduce net emissions and create a cleaner world. Readily-available technological solutions already exist for more than 70 per cent of today’s emissions. In many places renewable energy is now the cheapest energy source and electric cars are poised to become mainstream.

In the meantime, nature-based solutions provide ‘breathing room’ while we tackle the decarbonization of our economy. These solutions allow us to mitigate a portion of our carbon footprint while also supporting vital ecosystem services, biodiversity, access to fresh water, improved livelihoods, healthy diets, and food security. Nature-based solutions include improved agricultural practices, land restoration, conservation, and the greening of food supply chains.

Scalable new technologies and nature-based solutions will enable us all to leapfrog to a cleaner, more resilient world. If governments, businesses, civil society, youth, and academia work together, we can create a green future where suffering is diminished, justice is upheld, and harmony is restored between people and planet.

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